![]() ![]() Sometimes, again for reasons not fully understood, this spinning movement is turned vertically - as if you stood the spinning pencil up on its tip - and if this type of rotation develops in a thunderstorm it is a mesocyclone. This initial rotating is like that of a pencil if you roll it across a table with the palm of your hand. Where the two layers touch each other, the conflicting winds “pull apart” or “shove around” the air at the boundary, until sometimes the air starts to roll over itself. These form when winds in the bottom layer of the atmosphere just above the ground are moving in a different direction, and at a different speed, than winds in the layer directly above. Often they form from rotating thunderstorms called mesocyclones. Why and how tornadoes form is still not well understood. ![]() In the United States, tornadoes are particularly common in the Great Plains, from the Rocky Mountains to the Appalachians, and they most often form in the spring and early summer. They have been recorded in every state, as well as in many other countries. The National Severe Storms Laboratory estimates that more than 800 tornadoes occur each year in the United States. Please do not use without including a link to this page or a citation crediting Dawn Adams and Tapestry Institute. The parts of a tornadic thunderstorm include the anvil at the top, the rain-free zone that is often near a funnel, the dropped-down wall cloud which produces the funnel, a shelf cloud that forms in a location where rain has cooled the air, and bulbous or cauliflower-shaped mammutus clouds. ![]()
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